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#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
#include <string>
#include <vector>
#include <sstream>

using namespace std;

vector<vector<string>> readCSV(const string& filename) {
    vector<vector<string>> data;
    ifstream file(filename);

    if (!file.is_open()) {
        return data;  // Return empty if file can't be opened
    }

    string line;
    while (getline(file, line)) {
        vector<string> row;
        stringstream ss(line);
        string cell;

        while (getline(ss, cell, ',')) {
            row.push_back(cell);
        }

        data.push_back(row);
    }

    return data;
}

What is fstream and iostream?

Data plumbing system! C++ streams create channels for information to flow between your program and the outside world (screen, files, memory). iostream defines the basic plumbing system, while fstream adds special connectors specifically for working with files.

ifstream file(filename): The constructor calls operating system functions to locate the file, check permissions, and obtain a file handle (a reference number the OS uses to track open files). Once opened, the stream object configures internal buffers to efficiently read data from disk when requested.

What is sstream?

cio`